Subject -Verb Agreement | Object Of Preposition | Appositive
(Materi1)
Ø Subject-Verb Agreement
Ø Subject-Verb Agreement
Secara
umum pada bentuk simple present tense, singular verb berupa base form / bare
infinitive (bentuk dasar dari verb) dengan ditambahkan ending (akhiran) -s/-es.
Adapun pada plural verb tanpa ditambahkan ending -s/-es (sebaliknya, plural
subject ditambahkan ending -s/-es). Aturan kata kerja ini berlaku pula pada
subjek berupa third person (orang ketiga, contoh: Ricky, Anna) dan semua
personal pronoun (they, we= jamak; he, she, it= tunggal), kecuali I dan you.
Walaupun berupa subjek tunggal, I
dan you dipasangkan dengan kata
kerja bentuk jamak.
Jika
kata kerja dalam verb “to be”, am
dipasangkan dengan I, is dengan
singular subject kecuali I dan you, dan are dengan plural subject dan you.
Sedangkan
pada past tense, tidak ada perbedaan bentuk kata kerja dalam hal number
(tunggal atau jamak) subjek kalimat, semua dalam verb-2, kecuali jika kata
kerja yang digunakan merupakan verb “to be” was-were. Was untuk singular subject kecuali you, dan were untuk
you dan plural subject.
Basic
Rule.
A singular subject (she,
Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject
takes a plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will
choose is for the verb.
Rule
1.
A subject will come
before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key rule for understanding
subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb
mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and listeners
might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Incorrect:
A bouquet of yellow
roses lend color and fragrance to the room.
Correct:
A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet
lends, not roses lend)
Rule
2.
Two singular subjects connected by or,
either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage
decorations.
Rule
3.
The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor
sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that
shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that
shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the road. For
example, if I is one of two (or more) subjects, it could lead to this odd
sentence:
Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to
the festival.
If possible, it's best to reword such grammatically
correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the
festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going to the
festival.
Rule
4.
As a general rule, use a plural verb with two
or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my means of
transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed
and breakfast are compound nouns.
Rule
5a.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the
verb by such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These words
and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb
when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected
shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of
her shaking.
Rule
5b.
Parentheses are not part of the subject.
Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always
welcome.
If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence.
Rule
6.
In sentences beginning with here or
there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
Rule 7.
Use
a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when
considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too far
to walk.
Five years is the
maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high
price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e.,
dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
Rule 8.
With
words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given
earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If
the noun after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a
plural verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has
disappeared.
A lot of the pies have
disappeared.
A third of the city is
unemployed.
A third of the people
are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are
gone.
Some of the pie is
missing.
Some of the pies are missing.
Rule 9.
With
collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb
might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has
arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is
here OR are here.
A third of the
population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
Rule 10.
The
word were replaces was in sentences that express a wish or are contrary to
fact:
Example: If Joe were
here, you'd be sorry.
Shouldn't
Joe be followed by was, not were, given that Joe is singular? But Joe isn't
actually here, so we say were, not was. The sentence demonstrates the
subjunctive mood, which is used to express things that are hypothetical,
wishful, imaginary, or factually contradictory. The subjunctive mood pairs
singular subjects with what we usually think of as plural verbs.
Examples:
I wish it were Friday.
She requested that he
raise his hand.
In
the first example, a wishful statement, not a fact, is being expressed;
therefore, were, which we usually think of as a plural verb, is used with the
singular it. (Technically, it is the singular subject of the object clause in
the subjunctive mood: it were Friday.)
Normally, he raise
would sound terrible to us. However, in the second example, where a request is
being expressed, the subjunctive mood is correct.
Ø Multiple Choice
1.
Physics … been my favorite subject since I was 15 years old.
A. have
B. has
(Cabang keilmuan dengan ending -ics bermakna singular
sehingga diikuti singular verb)
2.
My shears … sharp enough.
A.
aren't
B. isn't
(subject
berupa benda dengan dua bagian pada satu kesatuan membutuhkan plural verb)
3.
Ninety percentage of his furniture … old.
A. is
B. are
(noun
setelah “… percentage of” (fractional expression) menentukan apakah diikuti
oleh singular atau plural verb)
4.
One of her dogs … like bone.
A.
doesn't
B. don't
(verb
disesuaikan dengan subject (one)%2C bukan prepositional phrase diantaranya)
5.
The central office manager, along with
his two assistant, … left the room.
A. have
B.
has
(“along
with” digunakan bersama subjek tanpa menambah jumlah)
Ø Error Analysis
1.
Arvin makes a smartphone.
Incorrect
(Kata
yang salah adlah “makes”, Karena
subjek nya “Arvin” merupakan
singular, maka kata kerja yang digunakan harus singular juga menjadi “make”)
2.
Rave and Raive needs a ride to school.
Incorrect
(Kata
yang salah adalah “needs”, Karena
terdapat dua atau lebih subject yang di terhubung oleh “and” maka kita menggunakan plural verb dan merubahnya menjadi “need”)
3.
I sing a song that remind me of her.
Correct
(Karena
“I” adalah plural noun maka kita
menggunakan plural verb juga)
4.
Here is the document you wanted.
Correct
(Karena
“document” adalah singluar subject,
maka harus di ikuti dengan singular verb)
5.
People in big cities tends to use their spare time doing sports or hanging out
inparks.
Incorrect
(Kata
yang salah adalah “tends”, Karena “People” merupakan subjek plural maka
kita rubah menjadi “tend”)
(Materi 2)
Ø Object of
preposition
adalah
objek yang mengikuti preposition, dimana dapat berupa noun (kata benda),
pronoun (kata ganti), gerund atau noun clause. Beberapa
common preposition (kata depan yang sering digunakan) antara lain:
about, above, after, at, beside, between,
by, due to, for, from, in, into, like, next to, on, since, to, with.
Example :
Noun :
Yulia is really into Ninjutsu.
(Yulia benar-benar tertarik Ninjutsu.)
Noun Phrase :
He didn’t say anything during the trip.
(Dia tidak berbicara apapun selama perjalanan.)
Pronoun
:
I just got good news from him.
(Saya baru mendapat berita gembira darinya.)
Gerund(phrase) :
You should feel ashamed for giving bribes to
win the election.
(Kamu seharusnya malu memberi suap untuk memenangkan
pemilihan.)
Noun Clause :
Tomorrow we will discuss about what is mental
illness.
(Besok kita akan diskusi tentang apa itu penyakit
mental.)
Ø Multiple Choice
1. My father has worked . . . Jakarta since two
week ago
A. in
B. at
(karena “in” merupakan preposition lalu di
ikuti dengan “noun” yaitu jakarta)
2.
I thank my english teacher . . . how she taught me some tricks.
A. because
B. for
(pada
soal ini terdapat preposition yang di ikut oleh noun cluase yaitu “how she
taught me some”)
3.
My brother is reading the magazine … her?
A. next
to
B. beside
(terdapat preppsition yang di ikut oleh
kata ganti yaitu “next to”)
4.
I take a bath and looking . . . the clock.
A.
at
B. on
(preposition yang digunakan adalah at dan
object nya adalah “the clock”
5.
She didn’t say anything . . . the trip.
A. at
B. during
(soal diatas adalah contoh kalimat noun phrase
pada object preposition)
Ø Error Analysis
1. The man with the
long beard left the restaurant quickly.
Explanation : the noun
beard is the object of preposition “with.” The prepositional phrase with the
long beard describes the word man. it tells us exactly which man left the
restaurant quickly.
2. A man in the bus was
sleeping soundly.
Explanation : the words
in the bus, for example , are a prepositional phrase.
3. the great plain in
the midwest of the united states make up arich, fertile farming area
Explanation : objeknya
adalah " the united states" sedangkan subjek yang berada di depan
preposisi adalah "The great plain", maka yang harusnya diganti adalah
kata kerja "make: menjadi "makes"
4. in the corner were
piled sacks of potatoes and onions.
Explanation : objeknya
adalah "potatoes and onions" subjek yang berada didepan preposisi
adalah in the corner.
5. over us, in the
redwood forest, huge tress towered.
Explanation : objeknya
adalah huge tress subjek yang berada didepan preposisi adalah over us.
(Materi3)
ØAPPOSITIVE
Appositive is a word to
serve to discribe noun or pronoun that took in.Appositives usually offset with
commas,parantheses,or dashes.it is now concluded that appositive is word
describing a subject that has previously appearead or that has come after this.
Apppositive phrase with
or without an attributive phrase, while a comparative phrase, consist of an
appositive phrase add an attributive, and a complement clause sonsists an
attributive phrase that is, forming apposesive contruction.
A nominal phrase as a
whole cannot be subject to morphological derivation in CAY. as far as
appositive and cordinate phrases are concorned, however, they may have one
constituent.
ØMultiple Choice
1. The canadian,......
it a train trip fom toronto to vancouver with best scenery of forests and
rivers
A. One of the iconic
train trips in the world
B. which is one of the
iconic trips in the world
(Because
The Canadian is the subject of the sentence, and the answer is One of the iconic
train trips in the world)
2. ,..... Marwan rarely
misses him basketball shots
A. An excellent
basketball player
B. An excellent
basketball player is
(because,
sarah is subject and the word misses is a verb (verb) because there is no comma
separating it. and the answer is An excellent basketball player).
3. A truly beautiful
island, Bali attracts many foreign tourists every year.
A. A truly beautiful
island
B. Bali
(because A truly
beatiful island words that are generally in the form of nouns (phrases)
to describe or explain other nouns)
4. .........., Wahyu,
is attending the lecture.
B. Happily
D. My friend
(because Wahyu is a
appositive. and this sentence need subject)
5. .............., Her
dream, is a big dream.
A. Visiting Korea
B. Come to korea
(because her dream is
appositive, this sentence need subject.)
Ø Error Analysis
1. My mother is a
chemical engineer and she is very diligent
(subject
"a chemical " is word of appositive in which appositive is pronounced
after noun)
2. The median of annual
mothers working hours has increased dramatically by 660 hours since 1979 and
2006.
(since is
incorrect because since it should only be followed by one time statement, while
there is two time information in the sentence)
3. Archaeopteryx, one
of the oldest known prehistoric birds, had shard teeth, three fingers for
claws, but a long, bony tail.
(but
incorect because the depiction of the archaeopteryx specifications does not
require butts to connect in contradistinction)
4. Although she has a
strong desire to be a singer, Rani’s voice sounds horribly to everyone who
hears her singing.
(horribly
incorrect because it is not an adjective, but an adverb or adverb)
5. My Son, a programmer, is very clever
(subject
"a programmer")
References
https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-object-of-preposition
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-object-of-preposition
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PlyMhBW6ixgC&pg=PA463&dq=appositive+phrase&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWnsyDyq3oAhXq8HMBHVc7C8gQ6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=appositive%20phrase&f=false
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Q8tTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=appositive+toefl&hl=jv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJsYfpuqjoAhVP6nMBHSK6AQQQ6AEIRjAD#v=onepage&q&f=false
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